PM Modi’s 2025 U.S. Visit: A New Era in U.S.-India Defence Relations

Introduction – Modi’s 2025 U.S. Visit

Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s working visit to the United States on 13 February 2025 was a landmark event in the evolving relationship between India and the U.S., particularly in defence cooperation. Hosted by President Donald Trump, the visit focused on strengthening strategic ties through co-production agreements, technology sharing, and military collaboration. The outcomes of this visit have the potential to reshape India’s defence landscape by enhancing self-reliance while fostering deeper integration with the U.S. military-industrial complex. However, challenges such as delays in technology transfers and compatibility issues with existing military infrastructure underscore the need for careful navigation of this partnership.

Key Developments in U.S.-India Defence Cooperation

Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s visit to the United States in February 2025 strengthened defence ties between the two nations. Several agreements were signed, focusing on military technology, co-production, and strategic collaboration. These developments are expected to boost India’s defence capabilities, making it more self-reliant while deepening its military partnership with the U.S.

One of the most significant outcomes of the visit was the agreement to co-produce Javelin Anti-Tank Guided Missiles (ATGMs) and Stryker Infantry Combat Vehicles (ICVs) in India. The Javelin, a highly advanced fire-and-forget weapon, is used by 25 countries and has a strong combat record. Through a collaboration between Raytheon, Lockheed Martin, and Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL), the missile’s production in India will reduce dependence on foreign suppliers. Similarly, the Stryker ICV, a fast and versatile armoured vehicle used by the U.S. Army, will be manufactured in India. This initiative aligns with India’s Make in India programme, boosting domestic defence production and strengthening India’s mechanised infantry.

In addition to ground combat equipment, India confirmed the purchase of six more Boeing P-8I maritime patrol aircraft. These aircraft play a critical role in surveillance, reconnaissance, and anti-submarine warfare. With rising Chinese naval activities in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR), strengthening India’s naval capabilities has become a priority. The P-8I fleet enhances India’s ability to monitor and safeguard its waters. These aircraft come equipped with advanced sensors, torpedoes, and missiles, allowing the Indian Navy to detect and counter potential threats efficiently. This acquisition is a strategic move to maintain security and stability in the Indo-Pacific region.

The visit also led to the announcement of a new ten-year defence partnership framework between India and the U.S. This agreement focuses on joint military research, technology transfers, and increased cooperation in unmanned aerial systems (UAS). One key aspect is the Autonomous Systems Industry Alliance (ASIA), which promotes collaboration on artificial intelligence (AI) and autonomous warfare technologies. As modern warfare shifts towards automation and cyber capabilities, this partnership ensures India remains at the forefront of military advancements. Greater interoperability between the two countries will also be achieved through regular joint exercises and training programmes.

Another major initiative introduced was the U.S.-India COMPACT (Catalysing Opportunities for Military Partnership, Accelerated Commerce & Technology) programme. This initiative seeks to deepen military cooperation across multiple domains, including air, land, sea, space, and cyberspace. The two nations have pledged to enhance joint exercises, improve technology sharing, and strengthen reciprocal defence procurement. A key event under this initiative is the upcoming “Tiger Triumph” tri-service exercise, which will see greater military collaboration between the U.S. and India. These efforts will not only strengthen defence ties but also reinforce security and stability in the Indo-Pacific region.

Challenges in U.S.-India Defence Cooperation

Despite the progress made in strengthening defence ties, several challenges still hinder full cooperation between India and the U.S. Issues such as delays in crucial engine transfers, difficulties in integrating advanced aircraft, and regulatory barriers create obstacles that must be addressed to ensure a smoother and more effective partnership.

One of the most pressing concerns is the delay in the supply of General Electric (GE) engines for India’s Tejas fighter jets. The F404 and F414 engines are essential for the indigenous Tejas Mark-1A and Mark-II aircraft, yet their delayed delivery has disrupted India’s fighter jet production. This setback has affected the Indian Air Force’s (IAF) modernisation plans, which rely on these aircraft to replace ageing fighter jets. While the U.S. has agreed to transfer the required technology, concerns over intellectual property rights and bureaucratic complications have slowed progress. If these issues remain unresolved, India may have to explore alternative sources, potentially affecting long-term collaboration with the U.S. in defence technology.

Another challenge is the proposed sale of the F-35 Lightning II fighter jet to India. Although acquiring this advanced stealth aircraft would greatly enhance India’s air combat capabilities, integrating it into the IAF is highly complex. India currently operates a mix of Russian, French, and indigenous aircraft, which means adapting its infrastructure and maintenance systems for the F-35 would be costly and time-consuming. Additionally, the U.S. may impose restrictions on how India can use the aircraft, limiting India’s operational flexibility. The high costs of purchasing and maintaining the F-35 also raise concerns about affordability, making it unclear whether India will move forward with this acquisition.

Beyond specific aircraft-related challenges, regulatory and bureaucratic hurdles in defence trade continue to slow progress. The International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) impose strict controls on the transfer of U.S. defence technology, making it difficult for India to acquire certain critical components. Additionally, the absence of a Reciprocal Defence Procurement (RDP) agreement prevents seamless cooperation in arms production and supply. Although the U.S. has agreed to review its arms transfer regulations, bureaucratic delays could prolong the process. Overcoming these obstacles will require diplomatic negotiations and policy adjustments from both sides to facilitate a more efficient defence partnership.

While the U.S.-India defence relationship has seen significant advancements, these challenges must be addressed to unlock the full potential of their strategic partnership. Resolving delays in technology transfers, ensuring compatibility in military acquisitions, and streamlining regulatory frameworks will be essential for deeper collaboration. A strong and efficient defence alliance will not only benefit both nations but also contribute to regional and global security.

Strategic Implications and Future Trajectories

The growing defence partnership between India and the U.S. is not just about military cooperation but also has significant geopolitical implications. Strengthening India’s defence capabilities through joint exercises, technology transfers, and co-production agreements serves a larger strategic purpose, particularly in countering regional threats and enhancing India’s self-reliance.

One of the main reasons behind this collaboration is the shared goal of countering China’s rising influence in the Indo-Pacific. As a key member of the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad) alongside the U.S., Japan, and Australia, India plays a crucial role in maintaining regional stability. China’s expanding military presence, particularly in the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean, has raised concerns about security and freedom of navigation. By strengthening India’s naval and air capabilities, the U.S. and India aim to deter any aggressive moves by China. Joint military exercises, intelligence sharing, and increased procurement of advanced defence equipment ensure that India remains well-prepared to safeguard its interests in the region.

Another major shift in India’s defence strategy is its gradual move away from dependence on Russian military equipment. For decades, India has sourced a large portion of its weaponry from Russia. However, Western sanctions on Russia and delays in Russian arms deliveries have created challenges for India’s military planning. This has encouraged India to explore alternative defence partnerships, particularly with the U.S. The growing number of defence deals with American companies, including discussions on acquiring U.S. fighter jets and co-producing military hardware, reflects India’s strategic realignment. While Russia remains an important partner, India’s increasing reliance on Western technology signals a more balanced and diversified defence procurement strategy.

The emphasis on co-production is also closely linked to India’s long-term goal of becoming self-reliant in defence manufacturing. By developing joint production facilities for advanced weapon systems, India can reduce its dependency on foreign suppliers and build a robust domestic defence industry. This approach strengthens national security by ensuring a steady supply of military equipment while also contributing to economic growth. Increased manufacturing in the defence sector creates jobs, encourages innovation, and supports India’s broader Make in India initiative. In the long run, developing indigenous capabilities will help India become a leading defence exporter, further enhancing its global standing.

As U.S.-India defence ties continue to evolve, the partnership is set to play a key role in shaping regional and global security. Addressing challenges and maintaining strong diplomatic engagement will be essential for maximising the benefits of this collaboration. By focusing on strategic priorities and long-term goals, both nations can build a defence alliance that ensures stability and prosperity in the Indo-Pacific and beyond.

Conclusion

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The Source’s Authority and Ownership of the Article is Claimed By THE STUDY IAS BY MANIKANT SINGH