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Chera Dynasty
Context:
The Chera dynasty is in the news due to Kerala’s resolution renaming the state as “Kearalam,” echoing historical “Keralaputra” significance.
Chera Dynasty:
- The Chera dynasty ruled parts of present-day Kerala and Tamil Nadu from around the 4th century BCE to the 12th century CE.
- They were prominent in maritime trade with the Roman Empire and others, and known for patronising arts, literature, and architecture.
Early Period and Important Rulers
- Uthiyan Cheralathan: The founder in the 3rd century BCE, known for military conquests and kingdom expansion.
- Nedum Cheralathan: Ruled in the 1st century BCE, patronised arts and built the Kodungallur temple.
- Kulashekhara Varman: Ruled in the 9th century CE, known for cultural patronage and building of Thiruvanchikulam temple.
Administration and Society
- Decentralised administration with local chieftains governing regions under the king’s authority.
- Taxation system funded military campaigns and infrastructure development.
- Matrilineal society with high status for women; religious tolerance towards Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism.
Cultural Contributions
- Patronage of Tamil language and literature, highlighted by Sangam literature.
- Significant contributions to music, dance, and architectural feats like the Sabarimala temple.
- Dravidian-style temples with pyramid-shaped gopurams and intricate carvings.
Economic Activities:
- Primarily based on maritime trade with the Roman Empire and other regions.
- Exported spices, textiles, precious stones, and steel; imported ivory, pearls, and other luxury goods.
- Advanced agricultural practices supported by irrigation systems.
Literary and Artistic Achievements:
- Known for literary works such as Silappadikaram, Manimekalai, and Thirukkural.
- Artistic achievements include temple architecture, murals, and frescoes depicting religious themes.
Decline and Legacy:
- Internal conflicts, invasions by other dynasties like the Cholas, and emergence of new regional powers led to decline by the 12th century.
- Legacy includes shaping the cultural, religious, and economic landscape of southern India.
- The Chera dynasty’s contributions continue to influence South Indian history and heritage.