Spectrum Allocation in Space: GSO vs NGSO Conflict, WRC Regulations & India’s Stand
Context : The rapid launch of thousands of satellites into Non-Geostationary Orbit (NGSO) by companies like SpaceX (Starlink) and Amazon (Kuiper) has triggered a “Spectrum Allocation in Space” This conflict involves fierce competition for limited radio frequency spectrum between the established Geostationary Orbit (GSO) satellites and the new NGSO mega-constellations, presenting a complex regulatory challenge to global bodies.
Spectrum Allocation in Space: GSO vs NGSO Conflict, WRC Regulations & India’s Stand
The rapid expansion of satellite systems has triggered intense global debate on Spectrum Allocation in Space, especially between traditional Geostationary Orbit (GSO) satellites and emerging Non-Geostationary Orbit (NGSO) mega-constellations. This clash is shaping global telecommunications regulation, scientific research, and national space strategies.
I. The Two Satellite Categories and the Root of the Conflict
The spectrum dispute arises from fundamental differences between GSO and NGSO satellites. These operational variations drive interference risks and regulatory concerns.
Geostationary Orbit (GSO) Satellites
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Operate in High Earth Orbit (HEO) at approximately 35,786 km.
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Require only 3–4 satellites to cover the entire globe.
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Exhibit high latency due to long signal travel distances.
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Have fewer satellites, but they may interfere with terrestrial microwave links.
Non-Geostationary Orbit (NGSO) Satellites
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Operate in Low Earth Orbit (LEO), typically 500–2,000 km above Earth.
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Require thousands of satellites (e.g., Starlink mega-constellations).
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Feature low latency, enabling real-time services like video calls.
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Large constellations increase risks of:
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collision,
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spectrum crowding,
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interference with GSO satellites,
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disruption to scientific instruments such as radio astronomy.
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These differences make Spectrum Allocation in Space a complex and increasingly contested domain.
II. The Regulatory Battleground: ITU & WRC
Global rules for Spectrum Allocation in Space are established by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). The most important decision-making body is the World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC), held every four years.
1. WRC’s Role
The WRC is responsible for updating the international Radio Regulations, the treaty that governs:
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use of radio-frequency spectrum,
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geostationary and non-geostationary satellite orbits,
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interference management and coordination procedures.
2. The Regulatory Challenge
GSO operators argue that expanding NGSO mega-constellations create cumulative interference risks:
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Even with low-power transmissions, NGSO systems can disrupt high-value GSO satellites.
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Key communication bands such as C-band and Ku/Ka bands face higher vulnerability.
This makes regulatory clarity essential for stable Spectrum Allocation in Space.
3. WRC-23 Outcome
WRC 2023 concentrated on:
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new operational rules for NGSO constellations,
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stricter coordination procedures,
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interference prevention mechanisms to protect existing GSO networks,
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ensuring long-term reliability of satellite communication networks that support broadcasting and global connectivity.
III. Impact on Science and India
The debate over Spectrum Allocation in Space has wide-ranging implications for scientific research and national space policy.
1. Science vs Commerce
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Radio astronomy relies on “quiet” frequency bands to detect faint cosmic signals.
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Even low-power satellite emissions can overwhelm sensitive instruments.
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The growing satellite population—GSO and NGSO—threatens the integrity of scientific observations.
2. India’s Position
India has strategic interests in both GSO and NGSO systems:
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GSO satellites are essential for broadcasting, weather monitoring, and national communication.
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India is also developing NGSO capabilities to expand high-speed internet access to rural and remote regions.
Thus, India advocates a balanced approach—protecting established GSO rights while enabling responsible NGSO growth.
3. Space Debris & Sustainability
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Massive NGSO deployments are rapidly crowding Low Earth Orbit (LEO).
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This increases the likelihood of collisions and creates risks associated with Kessler Syndrome.
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Orbital sustainability is becoming as critical as Spectrum Allocation in Space itself.
Conclusion
As satellite constellations multiply, Spectrum Allocation in Space has become a high-stakes global issue. The WRC plays a decisive role in preventing a regulatory “Wild West” in orbit—balancing commercial expansion, scientific integrity, and long-term space sustainability. For India, a dual strategy that supports both GSO and NGSO systems is vital for protecting national interests while leveraging new opportunities in space-based communication.
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The Source’s Authority and Ownership of the Article is Claimed By THE STUDY IAS BY MANIKANT SINGH
