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Water Quality Concerns in Prayagraj
Context:
A recent Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) report has revealed that the water quality in Prayagraj during the ongoing Maha Kumbh does not meet primary bathing standards due to high faecal coliform levels.
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- As per CPCB standards, faecal coliform levels should not exceed 2,500 units per 100 ml.
- The report was submitted to the National Green Tribunal (NGT), which has expressed concern over the contamination of the Ganga and Yamuna rivers.
What is Faecal Coliform?
- Faecal coliform is a group of bacteria commonly found in the intestines of humans and animals.
- Their presence in water indicates contamination from sewage or animal waste.
- While not all coliform bacteria are harmful, their detection raises concerns about the presence of dangerous pathogens such as viruses, Salmonella, and E. coli.
Key Issues Raised by the NGT and CPCB
- Pollution in the Ganges: The report highlighted biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) levels exceeding the standard three milligrams per litre (mg/L), particularly at Lord Curzon Bridge on January 19. Elevated BOD levels indicate excess organic waste, which depletes oxygen and threatens aquatic life.
- The most alarming finding was the high concentration of faecal coliform bacteria, a direct sign of sewage contamination. The presence of these bacteria increases the risk of waterborne diseases such as typhoid, diarrhoea, and cholera, posing a significant health threat to pilgrims.
- Ineffective Sewage Treatment: Even though sewage treatment plants (STPs) in Prayagraj were operational, they were overwhelmed by the volume of sewage. 53 million litres per day (MLD) of untreated sewage continued to flow into the Ganges, despite the existence of treatment facilities.
NGT’s Criticism of UPPCB
- The Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board (UPPCB) failed to submit a detailed action taken report and instead provided only a cover letter with water test results.
- The report showed high levels of faecal and total coliform bacteria at various locations along the river.
- The NGT has given the Uttar Pradesh counsel one day to examine and respond to the findings.
- The UPPCB Member Secretary and state authorities responsible for water quality have been directed to attend the next virtual hearing on February 19.
Public Health Concerns
- According to a Senior Consultant in Internal Medicine at Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, Delhi, people returning from Kumbh have reported gastrointestinal and viral illnesses.
- The common health problems observed include:
- Gastroenteritis (loose motions, vomiting, fever)
- Respiratory tract infections (runny nose, sneezing, cough, cold)
- Fever of unspecified origin (likely viral)
Respiratory Infections Due to Crowded Conditions
- Crowded settings and early morning dips in cold water have led to a rise in respiratory illnesses.
- Many people are experiencing symptoms such as cough, cold, and sneezing.
Health Precautions for Kumbh Visitors
- Visitors should take the following precautions to avoid health issues:
- Drink only clean or bottled water (avoid swallowing river water).
- Eat from hygienic food sources and prefer cooked food over raw food.
- Wear masks and maintain social distancing when possible.
Authorities Under Pressure to Address Water Quality Issues
- With millions of devotees attending the Maha Kumbh, authorities are facing increasing pressure to ensure clean water for bathing and reduce health risks.
- The upcoming NGT hearing on February 19 is expected to focus on action plans to tackle water contamination.
- The safety and health of pilgrims remain a top priority, and immediate measures are needed to improve water quality and prevent further health hazards.
