Militants in Manipur using Starlink satellite internet
Context:
Starlink, a satellite internet service developed by SpaceX, aims to provide high-speed internet access globally through a constellation of low Earth orbit satellites. While its potential for bridging the digital divide in remote areas is widely recognized, concerns have emerged regarding its misuse by unauthorized groups and non-state actors. Recent events in India’s Manipur state have brought these concerns to the forefront.
Recent Event: Discovery of Starlink Devices in Manipur:
On December 16, 2024, the Indian Army’s Spear Corps seized weapons and a Starlink-branded satellite router during an operation in Manipur. The router bore markings linked to the banned Myanmar-based Meitei extremist group “RPF/PLA.” This discovery has raised alarms about the unauthorized use of advanced satellite internet technology in regions affected by conflict.
Satellite Internet Technology
- Starlink’s satellite internet service leverages a network of satellites orbiting approximately 550 km above Earth. These satellites provide high-speed, low-latency internet by communicating with ground terminals or user devices.
- Unlike traditional internet infrastructure, which relies on fiber-optic cables, satellite internet can operate in remote or underserved areas, making it a versatile and reliable solution for connectivity.
Advantages of Starlink
Starlink’s adaptability and high-speed internet capabilities make it valuable for various applications, including:
- Remote Connectivity: Providing internet access in areas lacking traditional infrastructure.
- Emergency Response: Supporting disaster-hit regions where conventional communication networks are down.
- Maritime and Aviation Services: Ensuring seamless connectivity for ships and airplanes.
- Education and Healthcare: Enabling remote learning and telemedicine in underserved areas.
- Global Access: Allowing individuals in restrictive regimes to bypass local internet censorship.
Controlling Starlink Satellite Internet
Although Starlink transmits encrypted signals, geographic restrictions and device-specific identification codes help limit unauthorized use. However, vulnerabilities remain, such as the use of Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) to bypass restrictions. Ensuring effective enforcement requires collaboration between governments and SpaceX.
Recent Incidents of Unauthorized Starlink Usage:
- Manipur Discovery: Starlink equipment linked to militants.
- Andaman and Nicobar Islands: Myanmar-origin smugglers were caught with a Starlink device used for navigation and communication.
- IndiaMART Listings: Starlink devices being sold online, raising questions about illegal distribution.
How Militants in Manipur Are Using Starlink:
While the exact usage remains unclear, militants may be leveraging Starlink for encrypted communication, bypassing traditional surveillance systems. The cross-border acquisition of devices and the lack of geographic restrictions in some areas make it possible for unauthorized groups to exploit this technology.
Misuse of Advanced Satellite Internet Services:
- The availability of satellite internet in restricted regions poses significant risks. Unauthorized groups, including militants, can exploit its capabilities for communication, coordination, and navigation.
- Unlike traditional networks, satellite internet signals transcend geographic boundaries, making it challenging to enforce regional restrictions. This has sparked debates about the potential exploitation of advanced technologies by non-state actors and other unauthorized entities.
Harmful Impacts of Misuse:
- Enhanced Communication for Militants: Secure, encrypted communication can aid coordination and planning.
- Challenges to National Security: Authorities face difficulties in intercepting and monitoring satellite internet traffic.
- Undermining Regulation: Unauthorized use complicates efforts to regulate and authorize legitimate applications.
Steps Taken by Starlink to Prevent Unauthorized Usage:
- Starlink has mechanisms to deactivate terminals used by unauthorized entities. Each device has a unique identification code that can help track the buyer.
- Geographic restrictions, similar to set-top box mechanisms, ensure that devices remain non-operational in unauthorized regions. However, the effectiveness of these measures in preventing cross-border misuse remains uncertain.
Starlink’s Regulatory Status in India:
- Starlink is not yet operational in India due to pending regulatory approvals. However, it is scheduled to launch services in Bangladesh and Bhutan by 2025.
- Despite its unavailability in India, reports have surfaced of Starlink equipment being sold on online platforms like IndiaMART, raising concerns about unauthorized distribution and use.
Indian Laws Governing Satellite Communications:
India’s legal framework strictly regulates satellite-based communication devices to ensure national security. Key provisions include:
- Indian Wireless Telegraphy Act, Section 6: Prohibits unauthorized possession of wireless telegraphy devices.
- Indian Telegraph Act, Section 20: Restricts unauthorized use of telecommunication systems.
Violations can lead to device confiscation and legal action, as seen in cases involving satellite phones in Kashmir.
Recommended Government Steps:
- Strengthen Regulations: Update laws to include provisions for satellite internet services.
- Enhance Monitoring: Develop systems to track and intercept unauthorized devices.
- Collaborate with SpaceX: Work with Starlink to improve geographic restriction enforcement.
- Public Awareness: Educate citizens and businesses about the legal implications of unauthorized use.
- Cross-Border Coordination: Partner with neighboring countries to prevent the smuggling of devices.
