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Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV)
Context:
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a respiratory virus causing mild cold-like infections, with children, the elderly, and those with weakened immune systems being most vulnerable. Recent reports indicate a rise in cases in northern China, prompting increased global attention.
The Current Situation in China
- Monitoring System: China’s disease control authority is piloting a system to monitor pneumonia of unknown origin. This initiative aims to establish protocols for handling unknown pathogens.
- Rising Cases: Mid-December data shows an upward trend in respiratory infections, particularly HMPV, in northern provinces, especially among individuals under 14 years.
- Social Media Concerns: Viral posts showed crowded hospitals, sparking rumours of an emergency. However, neither China’s CDC nor WHO has declared an official emergency.
What is Human Metapneumovirus?
- Classification: Identified in 2001, HMPV belongs to the Pneumoviridae family, which includes respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), measles, and mumps.
- Infection Pattern: Common in winter and early spring, it affects the upper and lower respiratory tracts.
Symptoms and Complications
- Symptoms: Include cough, sore throat, runny nose, fever, and wheezing. The incubation period is 3–6 days.
- Complications: In some cases, it leads to bronchitis or pneumonia, requiring medical care. Most infections resolve with rest and supportive care.
Transmission of HMPV
- HMPV spreads through:
- Respiratory secretions like coughs and sneezes.
- Close contact, such as shaking hands or hugging.
- Touching contaminated surfaces like doorknobs and keyboards, followed by touching the face, nose, or eyes.
Treatment and Prevention
- Treatment: There is no vaccine or specific antiviral. Treatment focuses on over-the-counter medications for symptom relief. Antibiotics are ineffective.
- Prevention:
- Wash hands frequently with soap and water.
- Avoid close contact with infected individuals.
- Avoid touching the face, nose, and mouth.
- Wear masks to prevent transmission.
Global Context of HMPV
- Not New or China-Specific: HMPV has existed for over 60 years and is a common respiratory pathogen worldwide.
- Spread Beyond China: Neighbouring countries like Japan are also reporting cases. Japan recorded 718,000 cases as of mid-December, with 94,259 flu patients in one week alone.
India’s Response
- Health Ministry’s Monitoring: India’s National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) is closely observing respiratory infections and collaborating with international agencies.
- Recent Data: From December 16–22, there was a rise in acute respiratory infections, including seasonal influenza, rhinovirus, RSV, and HMPV.
- However, overall cases remain lower than the previous year.
Key Takeaways
- No Emergency Declared: Despite social media claims, HMPV is not a new or COVID-like crisis, and no global or national emergency has been declared.
- Focus on Prevention: Personal hygiene and preventive measures remain critical, particularly for vulnerable populations such as children and individuals with pre-existing lung conditions.
