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Since the invasion of Ukraine, cooperation with Russia has been challenging. This also includes tracking and navigation technology, high-power polar ship propellers, polar amphibious unmanned vehicles, polar floating oil and gas drilling platforms and ships. These efforts are supported by Chinese policies, such as Five-Year Plans, indicating a long-term approach for the design and development of PSV.16)See, e.g., People’s Republic of China (2022) “14th Five-Year Plan” Marine Ecological Environment Protection Plan. Although several companies put orders for construction of ice class ships in recent years, COSCO possesses the largest fleet capable of operating the Arctic shipping routes, something which is influenced by both commercial and political considerations. Unlike TotalEnergies or Shell, none of the Chinese stakeholders exited their Russian projects after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine (but the same is true of Japan’s Mitsui).
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The Arctic Institute is a 501(c)3 tax exempt nonprofit organisation with a network of researchers across the world. Erdem Lamazhapov is a PhD Research Fellow, Iselin Stensdal a Researcher and Gørild Heggelund a Research Professor, all at the Fridtjof Nansen Institute. With cooperation across the Arctic becoming more difficult, the PSR seems to be gradually waning. China has nevertheless expressed in its 2018 Arctic Policy (White Paper) the desire to cooperate with any country on developing transportation routes in the Arctic, not just Russia.
Thus, it is up to China’s interest to assist Pakistan in maintaining its image as a reliable ally to the developing world, as per think tank Observer Research Foundation (ORF). Since the foundation of CPEC relies on Chinese equity holdings in Pakistan’s infrastructure projects, Islamabad is liable for 80% of the investments related to the corridor. Despite the International Monetary Fund’s (IMF) recommendations, Pakistan imported large volumes of materials for the projects before seeking a bailout worth US$ 6.3 billion from the intergovernmental body. While Pakistan’s unsustainable external debt and economic difficulties predated the CPEC agreement, the initiative exacerbated the country’s widening current account deficits and bled foreign exchange reserves.
India has fast-tracked the construction of the new road following the Galwan Valley clash in 2020 amid a border standoff with China. In a boost to border infrastructure along the Line of Actual Control chicken road apk download (LAC), an alternate route to the strategic Daulat Beg Oldie (DBO) sector in Ladakh, free of surveillance by Chinese soldiers, will be ready next year. Composed of a group of people who love board games， the Gameland team devotes great efforts to helping creators bring high experience and cost-effective products to players.
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Some critics accuse China of engaging in “debt trap diplomacy” by luring poorer countries to sign up for expensive projects so that Beijing could eventually seize control of assets put up as collateral. Most of the estimated $1tn (£820bn) has been poured into energy and transport projects, such as power plants and railways. Defence sources said the BRO has upgraded nine bridges on the new route from 40-tonne to 70-tonne load capacity to facilitate the movement of heavier vehicles and artillery. The 130-km-long new route, via Sasoma-Saser La-Saser Brangsa-Gapshan-DBO, will be a secure and faster alternative to the existing Darbuk-Shyok-DBO (DSDBO) road, which is vulnerable to Chinese surveillance. The Arctic Institute’s research and capacity building projects help make the Arctic a more secure, just, and sustainable place.
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- Defence sources said the BRO has upgraded nine bridges on the new route from 40-tonne to 70-tonne load capacity to facilitate the movement of heavier vehicles and artillery.
- China has nevertheless expressed in its 2018 Arctic Policy (White Paper) the desire to cooperate with any country on developing transportation routes in the Arctic, not just Russia.
- In 2022, the Ministry of External Affairs of India had said in a statement, “We have seen reports on encouraging proposed participation of third countries in so-called CPEC projects.
- The CPEC’s extension into Afghanistan involves connecting Pakistani infrastructure to Afghan roads, railways and mineral-rich provinces, potentially linking the entire region to China’s western logistics and trade networks.
“Belt” refers to overland routes connecting China to Europe through Central Asia, as well as to South Asia and South East Asia; while “Road” denotes a maritime network linking China to major ports through Asia to Africa and Europe. With an unprecedented glut of cash pumped into nearly 150 countries, China boasts it has transformed the world – and it is not wrong. A signature policy of President Xi Jinping, the BRI is aimed at stitching China closer to the world through investments and infrastructure projects. Several other strategic projects are going on in the region to enhance troop mobility. The road originates from Sasoma in the Nubra Valley, close to the Siachen base camp. The new road, being built by the Border Roads Organisation (BRO), will reduce the distance from Leh to DBO by 79 km and cut down the travel time dramatically from two days to just hours.
“China hasn’t flipped many countries from a Western orientation, but the fact it has moved the needle to a middle ground – that is already a huge diplomatic victory for Beijing,” he said. Mr Gunter noted that increasingly, countries in the Global South do not wish to choose sides in the US-China rivalry. Observers also say China gives resources with fewer strings attached, which is less onerous than offers from global lenders or the West. But the think tank and other observers have pointed out the borrowing countries are also to blame, either for rushing into deals without proper planning or mismanaging finances like in the Hambantota case.
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The announcement of the PSR created a lot of interest in the potential for resource extraction and sea transport in the Arctic region, as noted in Chinese academic and journalistic reports and articles, sometimes even dubbed the “Golden Waterway” (黄金水道) in Chinese media. BRI is characterized by infrastructure investment along a constellation of economic corridors, including the Northern Sea Route. As Russia indicated a strong desire for China’s presence in the Arctic, the PSR has largely disappeared from the official Chinese discourse, raising more questions about China’s long-term intentions with its Arctic policy and its wider strategic approach to the global order.
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A growing backlash has prompted some countries like Malaysia and Tanzania to cancel BRI deals. China has also been criticised over its so-called “hidden debts” – governments don’t know how exposed their borrowing institutions are, which makes it difficult for countries to weigh up the BRI’s costs and benefits. Now, from Sri Lanka and the Maldives to Laos and Kenya, countries are struggling with BRI debt.
As China is striving to become a global power, including in maritime and transportation domains, the Arctic is of interest to China. Main efforts are at the moment concentrated in research and development of technologies necessary for polar shipping and mining, such as ice-enhanced LNG ships, icebreakers, and polar deep-sea exploration vessels. Despite these examples of the PSR developments slowing down, China has invested in projects in the Arctic under the umbrella of the PSR, the most important project being Yamal LNG. While it is seen as an important framework for cooperation, not just with Russia but also with countries in North-East Asia and the Nordics, it is still uncertain how important it is in China’s overall strategy. The European Union redefines its strategic priorities through the rise of geoeconomics, the structuring of de-risking, and their current testing in a shifting global context
- Unlike TotalEnergies or Shell, none of the Chinese stakeholders exited their Russian projects after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine (but the same is true of Japan’s Mitsui).
- Beyond economic investments, China and Pakistan maintain robust military ties.
- Yet, the technical specifications eventually released by China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation in late 2019 made plans for a conventionally-powered icebreaker.
- A view of the container terminal within the Saint Petersburg seaport, serving as the departure point for the container ship ‘Newnew Polar Bear,’ which recently completed a successful transit of the Northern Sea Route.
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Beijing has repeatedly blocked India’s efforts to designate Pakistan-based militants as global terrorists in the United Nations, frustrating New Delhi’s counterterrorism initiatives. Beyond economic investments, China and Pakistan https://chickenroadapp.in/ maintain robust military ties. India firmly and consistently opposes projects in the so-called CPEC, which are in Indian territory that has been illegally occupied by Pakistan.” The project was viewed as a component of China’s overarching plan to surround India and seize power in the area. The CPEC’s extension into Afghanistan involves connecting Pakistani infrastructure to Afghan roads, railways and mineral-rich provinces, potentially linking the entire region to China’s western logistics and trade networks.
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Meanwhile, China’s diplomatic backing of Pakistan—especially on sensitive issues such as Kashmir— challenges India’s strategic focus on its aspirations as a global power. In 2022, the Ministry of External Affairs of India had said in a statement, “We have seen reports on encouraging proposed participation of third countries in so-called CPEC projects. This shift had dire consequences for Pakistan’s coal-dependent power sector, as it halted or shelved ongoing CPEC projects aimed at expanding the country’s power generation capacity by 20 gigawatts. But late in 2021, it changed its story to reflect the objectives of the UN Climate Change Conference (COP26), committing to avoid developing coal-fired power plants overseas. Widespread blackouts due to crippling power shortages had paralysed economic activities and engulfed bustling market areas in darkness.
Chinese banks signed the total of EUR 12.5 billion in loans for the two projects, about 1.4 percent of the USD 932 billion of cumulative BRI engagement. Russia was one of fourteen countries that saw a 100 percent decrease in BRI engagement in 2022.8)Nedopil C (2023) China Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) Investment Report 2022. Yet, the technical specifications eventually released by China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation in late 2019 made plans for a conventionally-powered icebreaker. Indeed, amidst international and domestic turmoil, the development of the PSR in 2022 – and so far in 2023 – seems to have slowed down drastically. The PSR has mysteriously disappeared from Sino-Russian negotiations, although development of transport corridors remains on the agenda.
